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Food science.

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Bread6 min read

The gas a loaf has to keep before baking

Yeast makes carbon dioxide, but a loaf rises only while its dough can hold and distribute that gas. The bubbles begin during mixing, grow during proofing, and test the limits of the gluten-starch network before the oven can set it.

Beans6 min read

What salt changes in a pot of beans

Salt can season beans and alter their texture, but studies of soaking and simmering do not yield one universal timing rule. Variety, dose, minerals, acidity and storage history all change what happens in the pot.

Sauces5 min read

Why a sauce thickens as it cools

A starch-thickened sauce can look loose in the pan and hold a spoon mark on the plate. Heating opens and swells starch granules; cooling gives their released chains and swollen remnants another chance to build structure.

Bread5 min read

The water inside a crisp crust

A bread crust can lose its crackle without getting wet from outside. Water moves from the soft crumb toward the dry crust; the loaf's pores and crust permeability decide how quickly that change can be heard and felt.

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